Web is a specific interactive
system which is in a wide range of application areas, but there are with
different degrees of usability problems. Therefore, it is necessary to
provide a design method for Web usability. Based on the theory of user
centered design (UCD) and usability engineering principles, Web
usability design includes three aspects: user research, Web design, and
Web evaluation. User research focuses on target users, and researches
user's goal, behavior and views by user modeling based on personas. Web
design focuses on information architecture design, readability design,
search design and page design to design the self-described Web user
interface with high-usability. Web evaluation is a measuring means for
iterative process of Web usability design. The method will be a
guideline to design and improve Web usability for designers.
Web is hailed as one of the greatest inventions in the twentieth century, and its rapid development not only provides unprecedented convenience channels for global communications, but also affects all aspects of human life. Most websites are ever growing, evolving collections of information and services.These information and services have been a large number of applications in the office, business management, shopping, and entertainment etc. They provide much wider opportunities for businesses and much richer services for users. At the same time, Web is a complex information environment, and a specific human-machine interactive interface. Compared to the traditional software interface, Web interface is back at least 10 years .
As using Web, users find it difficult to learn, complex to operate, or not easy to understand. According to Jakob NielsenΓΏs studies, websites are with different degrees of website usability problems generally. If the user isn’t satisfied with it at the first visiting, 40% of users will not visit the site again. Thus, the usability problems of websites have broad universality and severity, and will have a negative impact on websites’ development. Therefore, in Web time, to achieve the purpose of the site, it should allow users to feel good usability. Web usability has moved from a “nice to have” to a “must have” . We must find ways to reduce usability problems, and design high-usability website.
The only goal of the human-computer interaction (HCI) is to meet user needs and expectations as much as possible, and then to improve the usability of software systems. Usability methods have from the beginning of times, that is to say the early 80’s, always included users to varying degrees. The usability is an important indicator of quality of the interactive IT product or system. Nielsen has pointed out that the usability is effective, easy to learn, efficient, easy to remember, the fewer mistakes and satisfaction for product users . The international standard ISO 9241-11 defines usability as follows: effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction what are qualities of products in a particular environment for a specific user for specific purposes. The concept of usability engineering appeared, as people have an emphasis on the quality of product since the 80s of last century, and then has correspondingly formed a popular area in academia and industry. Usability engineering is an engineering methodology for the IT product and user interface development, throughout the product life cycle stages. Its core is UCD methodology, stressing from the user's point of view to design and development .
Multiple Subjects of College Information Management System Estimate
In each of the categories there are very specific mechanisms which must
exist in a model of information system architecture. Measuring scales
are developed in order to record whether or not the model meets the
criteria in each category. For some conditions a natural scale exists
and is used as a measurement. In all other areas a binary scale is used.
In the case of the binary scale, a zero indicates that the model does
not meet that condition, and a one indicates that the condition is met.
Project Team of Information SystemProject team of information system
develop, implement and control the system, of which the project manager
is the head, and system analysts, programmers, persons participating in
the system development and implementation are the members. Therefore,
what the project team are mainly concerned about are the technology of
the information system and whether the system functions according to the
schedule, budget and goals set. The estimate indexes mainly include: 1)
Index for evaluating system construction: It mainly evaluates the
implementation and management of the information system, such as the
satisfaction degree of users, development efficiency of the system, the
utilization rate of resources, normalization degree of system
construction and whether the overall system is advanced, etc; 2) Index
for evaluating system performance: It mainly evaluates the reliability,
efficiency, adaptability, maintainability, transportability,
expandability, and safety and confidentiality of the system.
College ManagementStaffs College management staffs are usually the
initiator and advocator of information systems, who initiate, plan,
organize, coordinate and support the implementation of information
systems, and whose support is the key to the successful implementation
of information systems. College management staffs are concerned about
the overall interest and long-term development of the college. They
support the implementation of the information system to realize the
strategic goals and sharpen the competitive edge of the college, such as
improving the college image and attracting more clients. Therefore,
College management staffs, when evaluating the system, would take the
tangible and intangible interests the information system brings into
consideration, which mainly include: 1) Operation interest: Saving cost,
shortening time of turnover, enhancing productivity, improving service
quality, etc. 2) Management interest: Optimizing resource management,
etc. 3) Strategic interest: Supporting innovative expansion of business
and e-commerce, etc.; therefore, system progress, whether the system
supports cooperation with external parties, and global expansion of
business and e-commerce, etc are the indexes for estimate. 4)
Fundamental interest of IT: Improving the flexibility of business,
saving IT cost, enhancing basic capacity of IT, etc. 5) Organization
interest: supporting the reformation of the organization, promoting
training and improving skills of staff, and setting up common goals,
etc.
External Entities The implementation of college information system
will affect the partnership with clients and suppliers, etc. Therefore,
external entities like clients and suppliers would also evaluate the
implementation of the information system. Besides, the external entities
also include the estimate agency and consulting agency, etc. [2] Things
that external entities like clients and suppliers concern about fall
into 4 categories: time, quality, performance, service and cost.
Therefore, they are mainly concerned about how the information system
can bring them value and satisfaction from the four aspects mentioned
above. The estimate indexes include: 1) Whether the implementation of
the system shortens the response time, 2) Whether the implementation of
the system improves product and service quality, 3) Whether the
implementation of the system brings larger value, 4) Whether the
implementation of the system reduces product or service cost. Learn More
The data of electric power customer complaints from EZ power supply
company in Hubei Province from January 2015 to May 2018 is obtained.
During this time period, EZ power supply company received a total of 622
complaints from 95598 hotline. The annual distribution of complaints is
shown in Table I. The highest number of complaints was in 2016, a total
of 238, which fell sharply in 2017, but rebounded in 2018. There were
75 complaints from January to May 2018, with an increase of 62 cases
compared with the number of complaints in the same period in 2017. The
complaints were mainly concentrated in the rural network, a total of 507
cases, accounting for 81.51%. There were 115 cases in the urban
network, accounting for 18.49%. Code Shoppy
According to “The handling regulation of power supply service
complaints” from SGCC, electric power customer complaints can be divided
into five types, including power supply quality complaints, business
complaints, service complaints, power grid construction complaints and
power outage and supply complaints. Power supply quality complaints
refer to the complaints caused by long-term power supply quality
problems, which affects customer normal life and production, such as
voltage deviation, frequency deviation, voltage imbalance and voltage
fluctuation or flicker. Business complaints refer to the complaints
caused by working timeout, negligence and error happened in the process
of handling the specific business operation. Service complaints mean the
complaints caused by irregular service behavior of power supply company
employees, inadequate and inconvenient service channels of power supply
company. Power grid construction complaints imply the complaints
happened during the process of power grid construction, such as
incomplete transformation of power supply facilities and irregular power
construction. Power outage and supply complaints refer to the
complaints caused by service errors in the process of power outage,
supply management and on-site emergency repair services. Table II shows
the classification and proportion of 622 complaints from EZ power supply
company. Among these 622 complaints, the number of power supply quality
complaints was the maximum, 241 cases, accounting for 38.75%; followed
by 151 business complaints, accounting for 24.28%.
The number and proportion of customer complaints from 2015 to 2018
are shown in Fig. 1. The proportion of power supply quality complaints
and power grid construction complaints increased at first and then
decreased, which indicated that the effect of power network reform in
the past three years was remarkable. The proportion of business
complaints and power outage and supply complaints decreased at first and
then increased.
There are 24 power supply stations in this regional power grid. Each
power supply station is responsible for one town. The population of each
town is different. Fig. 9 shows the total number of complaints and the
number of complaints per 10,000 households in each power supply station.
HH power supply station has the largest number of complaints among
these 24 power supply stations, with a total of 64 complaints. The
biggest amount of complaints per 10,000 households is YY power supply
station, with 28.43 cases per 10,000 households.
From 2015 to 2017, complaints from seven power supply stations, such
as HH power supply station, have declined year by year. There is no
complaint from CG and JK power supply stations since 2017, and no
complaint from DS power supply station since 2016. However, complaints
from TH power supply station increase year by year. From January to May
2018, the total number of complaints from 19 power supply stations
increase year-on-year. The complaints from GK power supply station have
the maximum increase, with an increase of nine. There are 20 power
supply stations whose power supply quality complaints have the largest
proportion of the total number of their complaints. Fig. 10 shows the
distribution of power supply quality complaints in power supply
stations. GK power supply station has the largest number of complaints
about power supply quality, with 32 cases. Four power supply stations
have no power supply quality complaint for three consecutive years. The
number of power supply quality complaints per 10,000 households in YY
power supply station is the maximum, 16.72 cases per 10,000 households.
Fig. 11 shows the distribution of business complaints from power
supply stations. HH power supply station has the largest number of
business complaints, with 21 cases. Three power supply stations have no
business complaint for three consecutive years. The number of business
complaints per 10,000 households in YY power supply station is the
maximum, 8.36 cases per 10,000 households.
Fig. 12 shows the distribution of service complaints from power
supply stations. HH power supply station has the largest number of
service complaints, with 10 cases. Four power supply stations have no
service complaint for three consecutive years. The number of service
complaints per 10,000 households in DD power supply station is the
maximum, 4.01 cases per 10,000 households.
Fig. 13 shows the distribution of power grid construction complaints
from power supply stations. TZH and ZS power supply stations have the
largest number of power grid construction complaints, with 6 cases.
Three power supply stations have no service complaint for three
consecutive years. The number of power grid construction complaints per
10,000 households in TZ power supply station is the maximum, 5.63 cases
per 10,000 households.
Fig. 14 shows the distribution of power outage and supply complaints
from power supply stations. GD and HH power supply stations have the
largest number of power outage and supply construction complaints, with 8
cases. Eight power supply stations have no power outage and supply
complaint for three consecutive years. The number of power outage and
supply complaints per 10,000 households in TH power supply station is
the maximum, 3.27 cases per 10,000 households. Click Here
Xuet al. [4] proposed a scheme which supports anonymity of the voters
in the e-voting system by applying the concept of blinding and grouping
signature. This scheme seems to be easier than the other quantum
signature schemes because i t d o e s not involve entanglement. In t h e
e-voting system, the message has to be signed by the manager of the
office. However, the content of the message d o e s not h a v e to be
readable by any person other than the owner of the message (blind
signature scheme). Also, Xu’s paper uses the grouping signature to
provide anonymity of voters in the e-voting system, whereas the voter
information, such as location information, has to be secure and
non-readable by any person. Some e-voting systems could be applied in
different branches and offices in different locations, so signing the
message from a specific manager might reveal the location information of
the voter. Thus, by applying grouping signature with different managers
on the same message, f tracing the sender could be eliminated. However,
the verifier cannot know the identity of the signer; he/she can only
verify the validity of the signature. This paper is different than some
other schemes that propose different services. Xuet al. [4] proposes a
blind signature scheme using a group signature scheme for a distributed
e-voting system without using the entangled state concept, and this
scheme can represent a high level of efficiency. The authors explained
some disadvantages, such as using a symmetric scheme. Also, the
inspector in this scheme is the only person who can verify the message
which makes the scheme elastic with only e-voting systems. In [10], the
authors proposed a new quantum protocol that provides anonymous voting
with anonymity check. This protocol has two main characteristics. First,
the value of a voter’s vote is unknown to other voters and the
tallyman. Second, a non-exaggeration t e c h n i q u e h a s b e e n i m
p l e m e n t e d to prevent malicious voters from voting twice. Each
voter makes a binary decision (0,1); 0 means no and 1 means yes. There
is a tallyman who collects the ballots and announces the results. The
main idea, after the voting process, is that the ballots arereturned to
voters again to allow for two voters to check the anonymity of the vote
counting process bypreparing an entangled state of two ballots. Thus,
any attempt by a curious tallyman to g a i n information about voting
results leads to th e d e st r uc tio n of the entanglement, which can
be detected by the voters. The entangled state is generated using one of
four Bell bases to create a Bell state as follows: The four Bell bases
are:√√√√The voters carry out the ballot test: – The voters who have
chosen to vote measure their qubits in computational basis. If there is a
difference from the sent ballot, they state the ballot test failure. –
On the other hand, the voters who have chosen to check the anonymity
make the measurement of their qubits in the Bell basis. If there is a
difference from the Bell state, they state the ballot test failure.
Suppose a curious tallyman makes an additional measurement of qubits to
gain information about voters. For example, to learn the vote of voter
i, the easiest way is by measuring the ith qubit in computational basis.
If voter i has chosen to vote, this attack will be unnoticed. But if
voter i has chosen to check the anonymity with voter j, this leads their
state to be transformed into (0,1) or (1,0) with equal probability of
0.5, which means anonymity check test failure. Therefore, the curious
tallyman will be detected. Xiaoqiang proposed in [11] a blind signature
scheme that is based on quantum computing. The scheme combines proxy and
blind signatures. The scheme consists of four parties. They are Bob,
who is the message signer; Charlie, who is the message owner; Alice, who
prepares the proxy warrant message; and Trent, who is responsible for
delivering the two particles to Bob and Charlie and verifying the
signature.
The authors used BB84 quantum protocol for key distribution. They
applied quantum entanglement for the signature generation and
verification process. Using a one-time pad encryption algorithm provides
unconditional security and prevents eavesdropping. In [12], the authors
propose a blind quantum scheme based on a two-particle entangled
system. It combines proxy and blind signatures and consists of three
parties. Alice is the message owner, Bob is the message signer, and
Charlie is the message arbitrator and Bob’s proxy. This scheme can be
used in privacy-related protocols. The authors used entanglement to the
blind signature generation process and the verification process. The key
distribution method is not explained in this paper.
We proposed a new scheme that enhanced an existing one that solves
the check back e-voting anonymity to solve the problem of denying the
value of the ballot. By implementing the concept of the entanglement
between two random voters, the signer candetermine the correct value of
the ballot. However, this scheme has a simple weakness which shows up
when the signer (Bob) tries to contact the second voter (Nancy) asking
her for the qubit, but she does not respond. We are planning to extend
this scheme to address this problem by keeping the original qubits in a
separate database somewhere in the system. Code Shoppy
The paper proposes a workflow for the automaticdetection of anomalous
behavior in an examination hall, towards the automated proctoring of
tests in classes. Certain assumptions about normal behavior in the
context of proctoring exams are made. Anomalies are behavior patterns
that are relatively (and significantly) different. While not every
anomalous behavior may be cause for suspicion, the system is designed to
detection typical patterns for actions of concern such as discussions
during an exam or the turning around or the passing of notes, etc.
This detection is based on features computed using the histogram of
gradient orientations followed by a nearest -neighbor search through
annotated patterns of pre- recorded clips to train the system for
behavior that may cause concern. While there may be false positives, the
system is intended as a decision support system to facilitate automatic
proctoring of tests and deters malpractice.
In recent years, with the rapid development of computer technology,
video surveillance technology has made considerable progress in many
areas. But the traditional method of video surveillance is fulfilled by
personnel monitoring, which is a heavy workload.Video Analytics is a
technology that is used to analyze video for specific data, behavior,
objects or attitude. This paper studies the automatic surveillance
methodology in Examination hall, which can detect abnormal behavior in
real time. It assumes that for any specific context, there is a notion
of what constitutes normal behavior and conversely abnormal behavior.
Anomalies stand out to be as different relative to the context of their
surrounding in space of time. Hence it is a good way to solve this
problem using this technology [1].
Video surveillance can be an effective tool for today’s businesses
both large and small such as in video surveillance inexamination halls,
security surveillance and deterring dishonest and deceitful behaviors
[2].For such systems it is needed to design a core which uses a method
to detect human actions, classify them based upon several actions in
sequence.However, building an abnormal behavior recognition system is a
challenging problem because of the variations in the quality of the
video, environment size and certain postures of the humans. Environment
of the examination room is crowded and dynamic, which imposes challenge
for current approaches to video action detection because it is difficult
to segment the student from the background due to disrupting motion
from other objects and the scene. All of these make it difficult to
satisfy the application in the real-world scene [5].Some of the main
applications of Human Behavior detection are crime detection in sparsely
populated areas like ATMs, automated sports commentary, intrusion
detection, and detection of jaywalking on roads, characterization of
human gait, person counting in a crowd, gender classification and fall
detection for elderly people. In today’s world with increase in
technology, systems can be developed and used to detect human activity.
This paper aims at detecting human activities which are then classified
into different categories. These categories are then studied, identified
and interpreted as normal or abnormal behavior. The aim focuses on
developing this system to urge an increase in the security system and
services provided for the security of examination authority.The paper
proposes a system for abnormal activity detection in examination hall
videos using K Nearest Neighbour (KNN) which encode scene rules and are
used to smooth sequences of actions. High-level behavior recognition is
achieved by computing the probability that a set of predefined KNN’s
explains the present action sequence.
This system is deployed in an examination hall where the student’s
activities and behavior are monitored on a surveillance camera. System
accepts video as the input and an automatic alerting system alerts the
relevant authorities when required. Based on the predefined anomalies,
the activities are categorized as normal or abnormal behavior.
This paper deals with designing an approach wherein it tries to
detect any abnormal behaviors present in the videos. The system first
works by detecting all students present in the video. After detecting
all the students, it tracks the detected students throughout the course
of the video. The features of the tracked students are calculated using
HoG feature descriptor and then sent to the K-Nearest Neighbor
classifier. The classifier is pre-trained to detect normal or abnormal
actions. System is made to be adaptable to lots of different conditions
as in, a user can choose the behaviors that they want the system to
detect and train the system specifically for that. This means that it
can be used across a variety of situations and conditions from normal
surveillance to security related monitoring. This system is also capable
of detecting abnormalities if there are more than five people in an
exam hall. Learn More
In the area of machine learning confusion allows visualization of the
performance of an algorithm. TABLE II indicatesConfusion matrix of the
system. Each column of the matrix represents the instances in an
expected class while each row represents the instance of the actual
class. Confusion matrix reports the number of false positives, false
negatives, true positives and true negatives. This allows more
exhaustive analysis than mere percentage of correct guesses. All the
diagonal values indicate the accuracy of each action detected.
Implementation of QR Code and Imei on Android Presence system is one of the important components in the lecture process and student attendance recap is one of the elements in various aspects of lecture assessment. Presence has been carried out by signing students. The use of telecommunications technology which is now growing rapidly is the smart phone where one of the operating systems used in smart phones is the Android operating system, Android provides an open platform for users to create their own applications that have been used if various mobile devices. In addition to the development of communication technology, there is also a Quick Response Code or QR Code that has the meaning of a code that can convey information quickly with a quick response. QR Code can not only store horizontal information such as barcodes but can also store information vertically. This study aims to build a presence system using an Android operating system. Presence system with QR code. The QR code used is the Generate QR Code to display the QR code and read by students with the QR Code Reader. The use of International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is also used to validate mobile phone owners so that mobile phones cannot be used by other students. The presence process can be done by reading the QR Code from the lecturer's cellphone, reading the QR Code can also be via the web which will be displayed by the lecturer through the Projector, students can only read from their seats. The presence system will provide student attendance recapitulation at every meeting and all meetings so that it can facilitate the attendance recapitulation process by the lecturer. The presence of students in the lectures at this time requires good supervision to support the creation of student activity to attend lectures which are assessed by student attendance. The attendance process which is currently carried out at STMIK AMIKOM Purwokerto with the signature method on student attendance sheets which is distributed by each lecture. This method has the disadvantage of the possibility of the presence of attendance by students. In the academic guide book, one semester of lectures is explained and 14 meetings are held and students are required to attend a minimum 70% attendance to be able to take the semester exam [1]. The results of the student attendance recap will also be used as a component of the assessment of lectures by lecturers. Seeing the importance of documenting student attendance presence and avoiding attendance fraud, it is necessary to build a student presence system. Technology and telecommunications are growing rapidly and it is possible to be used as a tool to facilitate the process of lecture attendance. In addition, QR Code technology is also used as a media to store student attendance data. QR Code is a medium used to store information quickly and get fast response without manually inputting by typing. The information encoded in the QR Code can be in the form of a URL, telephone number, SMS message, V-Card, or any text [2]. The use of the QR Code is easily scanned and the data can be directly identified [3]. https://codeshoppy.in/
Application of QR Code in training attendance is faster and more efficient [4]. Examination attendance system using QR Code can facilitate lecturers in the exam presence process and the system developed can test student cheating in taking exams because there is a notification [5]. The implementation of the presence system by using the QR Code can produce the correct attendance information because it contains time and cannot change [6].
Paraplegia is bilateral paralysis of the lower body including the two legs. It is commonly resulting from the Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) which communication between brain and the other part of body is blocked or loss. Messages below the level of injury are unable to pass damage in the spinal cord. A. Ibrahimreported that the major cause resulting in SCI in Hospital Kuala Lumpur in between 2006 to 2009, motor vehicles accidents contribute 66% and falls 28% [1]. In a study out of 670 motor vehicle occupant fatalities in Malaysia, 176 (26.3%) cases suffered spine injury. Motorcyclist are particularly vulnerable as the helmet only protect the head but not the neck and spine[2].Figure 1 shows the depiction of a catapulting injury to a motorcyclist. Based on the study conducted by Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, there were 292 patients suffering SCI from 2006 to 2009. The number increase every year. Reported that 63% of them subsequently became paraplegic (individuals who are suffering Paraplegia) and 37 % became tetraplegic (individuals who are suffering Tetraplegia) [1]. Tetraplegia or as known as Quadriplegia is a cervical (neck) injuries. Tetraplegic resulting in four limbs both arms and legs) which are neck-down to paralyzed. Meanwhile, paraplegic resulting only in lower body (both legs) to paralyzed [3].Most of the paraplegics wish to be able to walk normally again. It is important for a paraplegic to perform a regular range of motion exercise program. Lack of exercise can result in increased muscle spasms and increase the chances of developing pressure sores. Failure to exercise on a regular basis can cause joints, muscles, ligaments and tendons to stiffen. If parts of the body stiffen, it will impact the ability to sit and maintain body posture. In some critical cases, it leads to urinary failure or completely paralyzed [4, 5]. Thus, the leg orthosis instrument is introduced to help the paraplegic to perform regular exercise. Based on Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers 2007, orthosis is an orthopedic appliance or apparatus used to support, align, prevent and correct deformities or to improve function of movable parts of the body [6] . The leg orthosis instrument are largely electrical assembled. Based on the previous study, the doctors have increasingly come to realize the importance of exercise for people with paralysis. It is important to get immobile limbs to move [7].Evaluation of performance for the leg orthosis had been made and it is proven to solve problems of paraplegic patients however the previous development of the leg orthosis is controlled manually where the leg orthosis will swing up and down by controlling on-off of the power button. Therefore during rehabilitation treatment plans, the physiotherapist (a specialist in physical rehabilitation and exercise) must always alongside with the paraplegic patient to control the on-off power button and monitored the result of the treatment. There are important parameters that doctor, physiotherapist and medical doctor need to monitor during the exercise periodhowever this information is difficult to be available for the doctors. Therefore this project continues with the development of the control system and monitoring platform for leg orthosis by using Android application. This study mainly focuses on the development of a user-friendly control and monitoring system for leg exercise using leg orthosis. The motorized leg orthosis will be controlled using Android device which is connected wirelessly to the exercise system. The patient's pulse rate, date and time will be shown on the android device during the exercise session. The data of the previous exercise sessions also can be storedtogether with other patient's information. These information are important data needed by the doctor during rehabilitation plans.Android is the world’s most commonly used smartphone platform and it is used by many different smartphone manufacturers. Besides that, the price gap between iOS and Android smartphones is widening. The price of iOS smartphones are double the price of standard Android smartphones. This user-friendly system is design to accommodate paraplegic at a reasonable cost. CodeShoppy
Once the Android application is selected by the user then switch on Bluetooth connection of the Android device as shown in Figure 8 (i). Secondly, click in the ‘Connect to LOE’ in Figure 8 (ii)and a new window will pop-up. In the new window, there will be varies of available Bluetooth connections detected. Find and connect to Bluetooth_V3. By connecting to Bluetooth_V3 means the Android application can control the movements of leg orthosis. List picker is used to show filter bar of Bluetooth connection available and allow the Android device pair with a specific bluetooth connection. In this study, it is used to instruct the Android device to pair with DF-Bluetooth V3. If the bluetooth connection is successfully paired with the DF-Bluetooth V3, a green colour text will notify, ‘LOE enable’ and if the bluetooth bluetooth connection unsuccessfully paired with the DF-Bluetooth V3, a red colour text will notify, ‘LOE disabled’.Thirdly, Figure 8 (iii) the user have to verify the date and time. If each button is clicked, pop-up windows will appear. The date and time for this function are tally with the Android device date and time. User only need to verify the date and time but in case it doesn’t tally user are allowed to edit it.Figure 8 (iv) shows there are three main control buttons foruser to control the movement of the leg orthosis. There are stop, forward and reverse buttons. If the stop button is click, the leg orthosis will stop moving. If the forward button is clicked, the leg orthosis will move upward while if the reverse button is clicked the leg orthosis will move downward. The user can continuously exercise by clicking different buttons.Figure 8 (v) shows the user can monitor their pulse rate reading by clicking the ‘Check Pulse Rate’. A new window will appear. The pulse rate waveform is program in the Processing 2 platform. It is a programming language, development environment and online community. Processing 2is an open source language and development tool for writing programs in other computers or Android device. Useful whenprogrammer want those other computers or Android device to communicate with an Arduino, for instance to display or save some data collected by the Arduino. In order for Processing 2 to communicate with Android, Android Mode have to be installed. In this study, Arduino with Processing 2 is used to display the pulse rate data from the Arduino to an Android device. Figure 8 (vi) and (vii) shows user have to capture and insert manually the Beats Per Minute (BPM) readings at the beginning and at the end of the leg orthosis exercise.Then in Figure 8 (viii) shows user will have click the average BPM button to calculate the average of BPM readings.Equation below shows the mathematical calculation
